The Press-Dispatch
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In a Hurry? Call 812-354-2004! FREE WiFi 618 E MAIN, PETERSBURG MAY 2 thru MAY 8 Mon-Fri 7:30am-6pm Saturday 7:30am-2pm longer hours! DAILY Country Ham $ 7.99 Thick-Sliced Country Ham Served with Macaroni and Cheese, Green Beans, Roll and a Drink * FRIDAY SPECIALS SATURDAY CHILI Grilled Cheese $ 6.99 Served with a Cup of Chili, Chips and a Drink * Biscuits and Gravy $ 6.99 With Your Choice of Bacon or Sausage, Two Eggs and Drink* FRESH, MADE-FROM-SCRATCH CINNAMON ROLLS SATURDAY MORNING May the Fourth Be With You! While supplies last. $ 1.99 each STAR-WARS COOKIES Cut Out and Place on the Fridge! NOW OPEN cafe & cakes cof fee cafe By Brian Wallheimer Purdue News Service bwallhei@purdue.edu Purdue University scientists led a comprehensive analysis of research concerning the effects of microplastics on aquatic life, with the results show- ing widely different impacts among dif- ferent types of animals. Strong nega- tive effects were particularly apparent for small animals, such as larval fish and zooplankton, a source of food for many species, suggesting serious po- tential consequences that could ripple throughout the food web. Tomas Höök, an associate professor in Purdue University's Department of Forestry and Natural Resources and director of the Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant College Program, led a team that designed a meta-analysis of research related to the effects of microplastics on aquatic life. The analysis, published in the journal Science of the Total En- vironment, used results from 43 oth- er studies that each considered the ef- fects of microplastics on consumption of food, growth, reproduction, and/or survival of aquatic animals. The anal- ysis mathematically calculated one or more effect size(s) for each study, then those effects were combined statisti- cally to understand the big-picture ef- fect on animals. The animals includ- ed in this study were all aquatic but ranged from fish to mussels to sea ur- chins to worms. The most significant findings in- cluded: • Considering all effect sizes to- gether, on average, exposure to micro- plastics negatively affects consump- tion, growth and survival of aquatic animals. • However, the results are highly varied and not all groups of animals were affected in the same ways. • Microplastics significantly re- duced growth, reproduction and sur- vival of zooplankton. • When exposed to microplastics, larval and juvenile fish see negative ef- fects on natural consumption of oth- er foods. "One of the types of organisms that seems to be affected is crustacean zoo- plankton, which are the main prey for many small fishes," said Höök, whose findings were published in the jour- nal Science of the Total Environment. "The fact that these very small organ- isms are consuming these microplas- tics, altering their growth, reproduc- tion and survival, means there could be consequences up the food web. If zooplankton numbers decline, there may be less food available for organ- isms at higher trophic levels." Microplastics, small pieces of the material less than 5 millimeters in size, have been found in waters and soils in and around all seven continents. They come from a wide variety of sources, including broken-down food and drink containers, fibers from synthetic cloth- ing, industrial waste and some beau- ty products. Many organizations and govern- ments have tried to reduce the amount of plastic pollution reaching water and wildlife, but the effects these micro- plastics are having on the range of aquatic life hasn't been clear. Purdue's meta-analysis puts all the current, ap- plicable research into perspective. "Our results most strongly support the notion that exposure to microplas- tics leads to negative effects on con- sumption of aquatic organisms, with less compelling and consistent evi- dence that growth, reproduction or survival of aquatic organisms is neg- atively affected by exposure to micro- plastics," the authors find. Carolyn Foley, a research associate in Purdue's Department of Natural Re- sources and research coordinator for Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant, said few of the studies analyzed included micro- plastic fibers, the small pieces of plas- tic that break away from larger piec- es. That might be an area to focus fu- ture research. She also suggested that while the effects on upper-level func- tions, such as reproduction and sur- vival, were highly variable, there isn't a similar summary of research exam- ining how microplastics might be al- tering aquatic life in less perceptible ways. "If microplastics aren't having im- mediate effects on these upper-level functions, maybe there are less-obvi- ous and cumulative negative impacts," said Foley, who is the lead author of the paper. "It may be more important to look at finer-level effects, including molecular-level effects." The Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant Col- lege Program and Purdue's Depart- ment of Forestry and Natural Resourc- es funded the research. Microplastics, bits of plastics that have found their way into wa- ters in and around every continent on Earth, have a range of im- pacts on aquatic life, according to a meta-analysis led by Purdue University's Tomas Höök. Most negatively affected are zooplankton and larval fish. Purdue Agricultural Communication photo/Tom Campbell Analysis: Most microplastic harm done at lowest levels of food web Enjoy more time outdoors with easy tricks In centuries past, humans spent much of their time in nature, hunt- ing, foraging and living life without the comforts of extensive shelters. Fast-forward several centuries, and the tables have turned dramatically. The Environmental Protection Agen- cy says the average person spends 93 percent of his life indoors, with 87 per- cent of the time inside of a building, and the remaining 6 percent in an automo- bile. These shocking results indicate that the equivalent of just one half of one day per week is spent outdoors. And peo- ple may be paying a price for spending so much time indoors. There's various reasons to believe that being outdoors can be good for a per- son's health. The National Institutes of Health and Harvard Medical School say that, in addition to providing physical benefits, simply spending time in nature in any form can improve mental outlook, boost creativity, elevate mood due to nat- ural light, improve concentration, and re- duce stress. A study from the St. Louis University School of Medicine also said that spending time outdoors can help a person sleep better. That's because nat- ural sunlight can set the body's internal clock. Despite all of the benefits of getting outside, many people find it challenging to do so thanks to their busy schedules. The following are a few ways to increase time in the outdoors that do not require major commitments. • Bike or walk to work. For those who live close to their offices, walking or cy- cling to work is a simple way to spend more time outdoors. People who take public transportation can get off the train or bus a few stops early to get some exer- cise and breathe some fresh air. • Lunch outside. Take your lunch hour outdoors rather than in an indoor cafe- teria or restaurant. Office workers are urged to go to a park or green space to give their brains a rest from urban stim- uli. Lunch is the ideal time to do just that. • Invest in a screen room at home. A screened-in porch, lanai or other space can bridge the indoors to outside and serve as a restful place to enjoy some fresh air while being protected from in- sects and inclement weather. • Set strict "no device" times. Sched- ule a time when devices are disconnect- ed and the entire family enjoys some recreation outdoors. Let kids get back to the basics of bike riding, skating, play- ing pick-up sports games outside with friends, and all of the activities parents enjoyed as youths. • Dine al fresco. Opt for outdoor seat- ing at a favorite restaurant. This will pro- vide an hour or more to take in the sights and breathe some fresh air while enjoy- ing a meal. • Meet friends at outdoor places. When engaging in recreational activi- ties, plan them at outdoor venues, such as parks, beaches, town centers, board- walks, and other areas where everyone can have fun and still be outside. Fresh air, sunshine and time spent in nature are good for the mind and body. People concerned that they're spend- ing too much time indoors should seek ways to spend more time outside when- ever possible.