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Periodical cicadas are usually referred to as "17-year or 13-year locusts." They are about 1-1/2 to 2 inches long and have black bodies, reddish legs, wing margins and eyes. Also known as Brood X, the phenomenon is one of 15 separate broods, each distributed geographical- ly with its own 17- or 13-year cycles. Bil- lions of the bugs are expect- ed to emerge through the spring. Though synchronized, the brood won't appear at once—at any loca- tion, their emergence is triggered when soil temperatures reach 64 degrees. A fter molting, males spend the next few weeks emitting a high- pitch song in unison to attract females. Eggs are laid on branches and twigs, with the larvae im- mediately burrowing into the ground upon hatching. LIFE HISTORY Cicadas have an interest- ing life cycle. They appear in the last part of May and during June. The incessant cadence of high-pitched, shrill sounds announces their presence. Only the males make this noise. It is produced by vibrating mem- branes on the underside of the first abdominal seg- ment. The females have no sound-producing organs. A female cicada has a knife- like organ that she uses to slit or puncture twigs of woody plants in which she lays her eggs. Females will only lay eggs in twigs between 3/16" and 7/16" in diameter. In about six weeks, the eggs hatch, and the nymphs drop to the ground, dig into the soil and feed by sucking sap from tree roots. At the end of 13 or 17 years, depending upon the brood, the nymphs come out of the ground. They crawl up tree trunks, posts, or other objects, shed their last shell, and emerge as winged cicadas. These adults live about one month. During this time, they mate, and each female lays 400 -600 eggs. Cicadas are abun- dant only in areas where trees harbored the eggs of the pre- vious generation. Cicadas can be very numerous in some areas and absent in woodlots nearby. DAMAGE TO TREES AND SHRUBS While some people consider the mass emergence of cica- das one of nature's many wonders, others find it a nuisance. Heavy infestations can make the sidewalks and roads slick with dead insect carcasses. In fruit orchards and nurseries, cicadas can seriously damage young trees whose main stems and branches are between 3/16" and 7/16" diameter. Female cicadas cause damage when they puncture or slit the twigs of trees and shrubs to lay their eggs. Infested branch- es appear as if the eggs have been stitched in by a sewing ma- chine. These branches will turn brown, die, and sometimes break off. Female cicadas have been reported to lay eggs on more than 200 woody tree species and are common on oak, hickory, flowering fruit trees, mountain ash and grape. CONTROLLING ADULT CICADAS CULTUR AL CONTROL When possible, avoid planting new trees in the fall before or during the spring that cicadas will emerge. This could be especially helpful in fruit orchards or woody plant nurseries. Also, delay pruning until the cicadas have disappeared. The injured branches can then be removed after cicadas have stopped flying. Small trees and shrubs (<10' tall) can be protected by cover- ing them with no larger than 1/2" mesh screening for the six weeks that adult cicadas are present. In most cases, with the exception of densely planted orchards or nurseries, netting is more cost effective than spraying insecticides. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL There are many natural enemies of cicadas. Birds and squir- rels will feast on cicadas during a mass emergence. However, the large number of cicadas are likely to outstrip the capacity of these animals to control the problem. CHEMICAL CONTROL Although not as effective as netting, applications of pesti- cides during adult flight can substantially reduce injury to small trees. Pesticides are not recommended to protect large trees. If you choose to use pesticides to protect your small trees, you will need to apply them every 3-4 days to prevent injury or ev- ery 7-10 days to reduce injury. The labeled pesticides will kill beneficial insects and likely result in a spider mite problem that will need to be managed for the rest of the season. Cicadas Cometh The

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